Antimicrobial Agents

Food preservation has long been practiced since the olden times with processes such as heating , drying, fermentation and refrigeration. In spite of this, physical methods are not enough to eliminate all microorganisms found in foods. Therefore, antimicrobial agents are needed to destroy these foodborne pathogens, so that the food will have a longer shelf-life. As technology progresses, improvements in the processing procedure and packaging systems considerably contribute to the preservation of food. Even so, antimicrobial agents still play an important role in protecting the food supply. Antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds biosynthetically or synthetically produced which either destroy or usefully suppress the growth or metabolism of a variety of microscopic or submicroscopic forms of life. 2. Factors Affecting the Selection of Antimicrobial agents 2. 1 Antimicrobial activity against different organisms It is desirable to use an antimicrobial agent that can inhibit a wide range of spoilagecausing microorganism. A good understanding of the chemicals mode of action is also useful in selecting a preservative. 2. 2 Microbial load of the food product . The food must be of the highest microbiological quality initially. Food should always be processed under the most meticulous sanitary conditions to minimize contamination. A high microbial population would require higher doses of antimicrobial agents. Use of antimicrobial agents should not be viewed as a substitute for good sanitation. 2. 3. Chemical and physical properties In choosing an antimicrobial agent, properties such as solubility, boiling point, and dissociation are mportant. Water solubility is important since microbial growth requires water. 1 Volatile preservatives are easily lost if the food is heated during processing. Dissociation of sorbic acid has an important bearing on its effectiveness in inhibiting harmful microbes. Most compounds are effective in their undissociated form. Stability Constituents in food such as protein and fiber can react with the preservative and reduce its effectiveness. For this reason, the stability of antimicrobial agents during storage is very important. 2. Processing and storage conditions The conditions of storage and interactions with other processes must be evaluated to ensure that the antimicrobial will remain functional over time. 2. 6 Flavor The addition of the antimicrobial agent should not interfere with the flavour of the food product, or rather enhance it. 2. 7 Cost The choice of antimicrobial should be cost-effective and suited to the food product. 2. 8 Safety and legality Antimicrobials agents must not be toxic to humans. The use of antimicrobial agents is often strictly regulated. As a processor, it is essential to use chemicals as prescribed by the regulations. 3. Types of Antimicrobial agents and their Functions 3. 1 Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate ? Structure: Fig 1. Structures of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoat e (Image from Wibbertman, Mangelsdorf Melber, 2000) ? Sources: o Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and resins such as cranberries, plums, prunes, cinnamon. However, benzoic acid can be produced commercially by the reaction of toluene with oxygen at temperature around 200C in the liquid phase. The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese salts. Fig. 2 Production of Benzoic Acid (Image from Wikipedia. rg) o Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide. ? Properties: Benzoic acid is a white solid that starts to sublime at 100Â °C, with a melting point of 122Â °C and a boiling point of 249Â °C. Its solubility iin water is low (2. 9 g/litre at 20Â °C). 3 The undissociated form of benzoic acid (pKa=4. 2) is the most effective antimicrobial agent. It was reported that the compound was 100x as effective in acid solutions as in neutral solutions. Sodium benzoate is a white crystalline powder with a sweet astringent taste. It has a melting point above 300Â °C. It is very soluble in water (550-630 g/litre at 20Â °. Benzoates are most effective at pH 2. 5-4. 0and least effective at pH 4. 5. ? Primary use: Benzoic acid and its salts are used as antimycotic agents against yeast and molds, such as Saccharomyces cerevisae and Aspergillus parasiticus. ? Mechanism/s of action: o Formation of benzoic acid-oxidase complex Benzoic acid inhibits amino acid uptake in molds and bacteria. Benzoates also inhibit enzymes in the bacterial cell such as those controlling acetic acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Klein and Kamin (1940) reported that the activity of the d-amino acid oxidase was decreased by benzoic aci ( e. g. , the rate of oxidation of 1 mg. of d(-)-alanine by preparations of the oxidase was decreased about 60 per cent by benzoic acid). They suggested that the inhibitory effect of benzoic acid is due to the formation of a benzoic acid- oxidase complex. o Inhibition via depression of internal pH of the cell ? Applications: Sodium benzoate is used in carbonated and still beverages, margarine, soy sauce, jams and jellies, storage of vegetables, fish preserves, fruit salads, and other high acid foods. ? Regulatory Status: GRAS, up to a maximum of 0. 1%. Toxicology: Low order of toxicity for animals and humans. The reason is because humans and animals have an effective detoxification mechanism for benzoates. 4 3. 2 Sorbic Acid and Sorbates ? Structure: Fig. 3 Sorbic Acid (Image from John Wiley Sons, 2000) ? Sources: Sorbic acid, which is also known as 2,4-hexadienoic acid, was fi rst isolated from rowanberry (berries of the mountain ash tree) decades ago by A. W. van Hoffman, a German chemist. It is now prepared for industrial use via condensation of malonic acid and crotonaldehyde: Fig. 4 Synthesis of Sorbic acid (Image taken from Lookchem. com/Chempedia) ? Primary use: Sorbic acid and its salts targets yeasts, molds, and bacteria. Some of these include species Candida, Oospora, Fusarium, Mucor and Trichoderma. ? Properties: Sorbic acid is a white crystalline powder and is slightly soluble in water (0. 16g/100mL).

External Marketing Audit of Sara Lee Corporation Statistics Project

External Marketing Audit of Sara Lee Corporation - Statistics Project Example This paper tells that in frozen food, the company is at the top in the U.S with fair market positions in Europe and Brazil, while it is one of the largest producers of tea and coffee. In the body care section, the company holds the top position in the European bath and shower market, in the households side, they are having one of the world famous shoe polishes named Kiwi. The company is trying to settle the market of branded apparel, which includes men’s and boy’s wear, also sportswear. The thing that should be kept in mind at this stage is that the Sara Lee is making most of those products in which brand switching is common, and there are relatively very few differences between the competitor’s products and the company’s products, for example the shoe polish Kiwi is having competition with Cherry Blossom, if a consumer would go to buy Kiwi and would not find it in a shop, he would buy cherry blossom rather than going to the other shop and look for Kiwi, t he company is thus having everyone as there target audience, but it also depends on the different products they are selling, such as in foods and beverages the real market segment is those individuals who are having no family and are working and living alone, it is a big segment in the U.K and fair in U.S, in the body care section the target audience is originally women but keeping in view the prevailing demands they have also started catering men in the society, in the house hold products, the main product is shoe polish, KIWI and they were initially catering men but due to increased usage of leather shoes by women they are also targeting them, especially after the introduction of sponges, another product the company is offering is the Ambi Pur air fresheners and body sprays which they are catering men and women both, also Sanex is a product used as body care product, they are again having women as their target audience, In the apparel section their target audience is again women o f the society as they require more of comfort than men, but they have also introduced sports wear which both men and women use. So the entire target audience consists of people who are young and energetic in life. Of course every company’s mission is the profitability while providing something that sounds good to the customer, the company’s mission for customer is the product innovation and also the new product development, as their slogan suggests,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our mission is to simply delight you†¦every day†

International Fast Food Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Fast Food Company - Essay Example In 1953, McDonald’s Fast Foods’ most successful restaurant in Arizona was franchised. Similarly, the restaurant located at California was franchised. The outright success of the McDonald’s was with the entry of Ray Kroc who entered into partnership with Mac and Dick (Love, 2008). He was given the right to expand the franchise. Owing to this new partnership, McDonald’s opened its new branch outside America specifically Richmond Colombia. This was the first ever branch outside America. It is amazingly interesting to note that by 1963 the McDonald’s had more than 100 fast food restaurants worldwide. It was between 1960 through 1970 when significant growth was marked. This may have been due to the massive advertising strategies that were adopted by McDonald’s ads team. Kroc played a major role in advertising McDonald’s products making them the most admirable ads in the world. He also developed the Golden arches logo in 1962. In 1963, McDon ald’s introduced the red haired wit which attracted a massive appeal from children and the youth. Later on as the years progressed, Kroc opted to buy out McDonald’s brothers for a total cost of $2.7 million. 2. Rationale behind Internationalization McDonald’s  international strategy is based on the recognition of the available opportunities in overseas market and not because their home market is already saturated. In fact, McDonalds established franchised markets internationally because it needed to capitalize on available opportunities particularly among the rapidly growing populations in Asia. It is worth noting that while choosing markets McDonalds preferred whose prospects for expansion were optimal. For this reason, McDonalds entered into international markets. When Kroc solely began owning the company, he knew well that the success of McDonald’s fast food company was dependent on its ability to grow rapidly amid an ever widening competitive enviro nment. Therefore, he began to offer franchises. As a result, several franchised McDonald’s opened up in various parts of the world. For instance, one such franchised branch opened up in the U.K. in1986. To date, close to 70% of all McDonald’s outlets worldwide are franchised. Today, McDonald’s boasts of having more than 120 restaurants’ and a customer base of over 60,000 people there was a need to employ intensive franchising as a means of promoting products and building a brand name. 3. Market entry strategy McDonald’s Fast Foods Company envisions placing itself strategically with an aim of becoming a superior performer in the world market. McDonalds’ franchise market entry strategy has always been informed by the customer base and room for expansion. In fact, the company is guided by their interest on low production cost while at the same time guided by their choice to serve their customers at their convenience (Pride & Ferrell, 2012). It prefers the use of franchise because once the market is established, it will be easier to modify and adapt to customer’s local tastes and preferences. McDonalds has used this strategy in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia with success. As mentioned earlier in this discussion,

A Teacher with an Expertise in Teaching Essay -- philosophy of educatio

Expertise in Teaching When asked to name the teachers who have had the greatest positive impact on us, we tend to name those who were warm, energetic, enthusiastic, organized, impartial, and competent in their field. Expert teachers employ all of these traits, and, as the text states, are "experienced" and "effective" and have "developed solutions for common classroom problems" (Woolfolk, 2001). I chose to interview my fourth grade teacher, Mr. Mendez, because he not only demonstrates expertise in teaching, but also has created a fun and proactive learning environment, which I hope to emulate in my future classroom. In order to teach effectively, the teacher must have a strong knowledge base of the material (Woolfolk, 2001). Mr. Mendez feels confident teaching all areas of the curriculum. A teacher who does not feel comfortable in his or her ability presenting a certain aspect of the material would most likely have difficulty relating the material to children. Specializing in a subject is not only important for advanced knowledge base, but for practicality as well. Mr. Mendez noted that having different teachers specializing (and teaching) in different areas of the curriculum saves time in lesson planning: students visit another classroom for science, for example. This arrangement also offers him an opportunity to meet with other students. Expert teachers are also instrumental in motivating all students to learn (Woolfolk, 2001). When a student lacks motivation to learn or do work, these experts scout out ways to encourage learning. Mr. Mendez holds his fourth grade students accountable for getting their work in and in on time. The students are given choices as to whether to redo homework for a better grade, thus grantin... ... such abilities. Analyzing Mr. Mendez's comments, I have come to the conclusion that expertise in teaching develops after some time and practice, but is mainly a product of patience, and an understanding of children. Expert teachers are aware of how each individual learns, and is attune to every unique learning style. Preparation is key to establishing teacher quality (Woolfolk, 2001). Expertise in teaching is not a terminal state: methods and styles must continuously be altered to accommodate for each new influx of students. Thus, expert teachers are flexible. However, teachers can develop their expertise by listening to students, offering feedback, noticing effective individual learning styles, and understanding the ways in which each student is unique and special. Works Cited Woolfolk, Anita. (2001). Educational Psychology. (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Nordstrom Retailing Management Answers

Retailing Management – Case 31 Customer Service and Relationship Management at Nordstrom 1. What steps does Nordstrom take to implement its strategy of providing outstanding customer service? To begin with, Nordstrom employees treat customers like royalty. Customers are even at the top of Nordstrom’s so-called organization chart. All lower levels work towards supporting the salespeople, who in turn work to serve the customers. Salespeople are given personalized business cards to help them build relationships with customers.They are not tied to their respective departments but to the customers, this turns their salesperson a â€Å"personal shopper† of the customers. This opportunity to sell departments enables salespeople to maximize sales and commissions while providing superior customer service. Despite all the efforts in making sure customer satisfaction is met, it starts from the employees. Nordstrom employees are treated almost like the extended family. They are treated like businesspeople and empowered to make independent decisions. Overall, Nordstrom delivers good quality product with good service. 2.How do these activities enable Nordstrom to reduce the gaps between perceived service and customer expectations, as described in Chapter 18? Nordstrom’s policies focus on the concept of the â€Å"Life –time Value of the Customer. † Their service goes above and beyond what other retail stores can offer. Even if little money is made from the first sale, the lifetime value of a customer is calculated, and the positive dollar amount of a loyal customer is staggering. A customer can expect equal level of respect from all departments from each employee. They will also experience a â€Å"personal shopper† who can help them with which product to purchase. . What are the pros and cons of Nordstrom’s approach to developing a competitive advantage through customer service? The number one pro is customer loyalty, be cause of Nordstrom’s above and beyond customer service; customers come back for the good quality products and to the experience of good salesperson. Because of customer loyalty, Nordstrom realizes huge revenue from repeat customers. And another pro is having a great employee; Nordstrom empowers their employees to be individual businesspeople who can make their own decisions within the stores. Because of this, Nordstrom’s hrinkage or loss due to theft and record-keeping errors is under 1. 5% of sales—roughly half the industry average. The only con is the loss money from returns or refunds. Nordstrom’s policy concept of â€Å"Life-time Value of Customers,† sometimes brings them to loss revenue or even negative revenue. Some customers may even abuse the fact of how easy it is to return merchandise even if it was heavily used. But the weight of a positive dollar amount of loyal customer versus loss revenue is heavier. And therefore there isn’t r eally a con to how Nordstrom caters to their customers and as well as employees.

What Makes A Civilization - 1508 Words

Amongst the three books we’ve read and discussed the key similarity between them are civilizations. Starting from the beginning leading to the highest point in progress, then the quick downfall, The only difference is their point of view and what they thought civilization was based on the material they’ve collected and others work they’ve reviewed. So I’ll start with the question, â€Å"What is civilization?† civilization is the stage of human social development and organization that is considered more advanced. With that in mind each of these authors show a different insight into this development. Paul Kriwaczek shows civilization in the perspective that everything is a version of playing, and he puts it simply. The beginning, the middle and highest point, then the end. Fredy Perlman retells the ancestries, and progress of civilization perceived as the organized self-enslavement and self-alienation of societies. Susan Wise Bauer has the light fact that humanity needs hierarchy in the background of her opinions but tries to keep a more neutral point of view. What makes a civilization? There are about 10 things that make up civilization, here are 5 and I will go more in-depth with them at a future period in this review: Development of literacy, religion, economic classifications, social classes, and forms of government. Beginning with the positives of civilization, the improvement of agricultural science. Kriwaczek describes the hardships people had to overcome to produce foodShow MoreRelatedEssay about Lord of the Flies by William Golding1325 Words   |  6 PagesCivilization can be destroyed as easily as it is created.   Without the walls of society, humans are capable of committing actions that they would have never thought possible.   Lord of the Flies focuses on a group of boys who are alone on an island without authority. 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Beowulf Epic Hero Essay - 880 Words

Analysis of Beowulf as an Epic Hero The definition of a hero from ancient times to present day has evolved greatly, but they often still possess characteristics synonymous across all cultures and timespans. In modern times, they are often thought of as role models for others to live up to, and are generally humble, honest, and not afraid to put others in front of themselves. In ancient times, more emphasis was put on strength and fearlessness, and epic heroes were often saviors of the land, sent down to Earth in its time of need by God’s hand. Beowulf, the main character in the epic poem Beowulf, is blessed with superhuman strength, a magical weapon only he can yield, as well as a fierce sense of loyalty to his people and an obligation†¦show more content†¦419-424). These last words truly wrap up the character of Beowulf as the courageous and loyal hero he is, knowing that his actions will have made his name memorable for ages to come. The epic poem, Beowulf, clearly demonstrates the Anglo-Saxon ideals of bravery and loyalty, which also happen to be traits that make Beowulf an epic hero, as well as possessing a magical weapon and wanting his legacy to live on. Although these traits were valued much more long ago, devotion, strength, and courage are still important to many of us today. This text, as it was one of the first written stories that has survived to this day, gives us an insight into what was valued back in that time period, and what people looked up to in a hero. Despite some differences, there are many similarities between the ancient Anglo-Saxon hero and the modern hero, making Beowulf relevant to thisShow MoreRelated Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Epic Hero844 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf as Epic Hero Epic heroes usually exemplify the character traits most admired in their societies, and Beowulf is no exception.   Beowulf is set in the Anglo-Saxon society, a time when war was rampant among the many peoples trying to take over the different kingdoms of England.   In this dangerous, violent time people lived in constant peril and jeopardy.   These conditions only allowed people of great bravery to survive and men of outstanding courage were admired the populous.   TheseRead More Beowulf - An Epic Hero Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf An Epic Hero Beowulf: An Epic Hero Being a hero can be defined many different ways. Several qualities like courage, respect, and strength can define heroism. A hero is noted for his or her actions for being brave, powerful, and acting with honor. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the main character Beowulf shows all of these characteristics by defending the Danish king, Hrothgar, and his people. He is a true hero by honoring his country and exerting his power and strength to protect othersRead More Beowulf As An Epic Hero Essay971 Words   |  4 Pages Every epic hero possesses certain heroic characteristics. Beowulf, like other epic heroes, possesses the following heroic qualities: epic heroes are superhuman types of beings. They have a noble birth and show great bravery. They display great intelligence and resourcefulness. They have a reverence for G-d and for the values of their society. They are dominant male figures and suffer severe pain, but in the end, they conquer evil (Vivone 9/27/99). In addition to Beowulf†™s heroic qualities, he isRead More Beowulf is an Epic Hero Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesA true hero does not fear death or, but instead risks all that he is for what he believes to be right, moral, and just. Beowulf is an epic and tells the story of a legendary hero, conquering all obstacles as if he was immortal. Up until the end of Beowulf’s life he was constantly looking to be the hero. However, his humanity is exposed by his death. Heroes all share the characteristic of their willingness to die in their effort to accomplish their heroic act, thus making the act in itself heroicRead MoreBeowulf as a Epic Hero Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf Paper A true hero does not fear death or, but instead risks all that he is for what he believes to be right, moral, and just. Beowulf is an epic and tells the story of a legendary hero, conquering all obstacles as if he was immortal. Up until the end of Beowulfs life he was constantly looking to be the hero. However, his humanity is exposed by his death. Heroes all share the characteristic of their willingness to die in their effort to accomplish their heroic act, thus making the actRead MoreEssay on Beowulf is an Epic Hero1415 Words   |  6 Pages Epic battles, terrifying monsters, extraordinary strength, and great leadership; these characteristics and encounters are what make up the epic hero that is Beowulf. The heroism exemplified by Beowulf is defined by many different qualities. Beowulf is truly a hero because he is willing to put himself at great risk for the greater good. Beowulfs defeats of Grendel and Grendels mother establish him as a hero because he did it to save his people, rather than for his own glory. Beowulf isRead More Beowulf is an Epic Hero Essay469 Words   |  2 PagesEvery epic hero possesses certain heroic characteristics. The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is the hero. He shows that he is a great man by always putting other things before his own needs. He is important and needed by his people and is known by many as a strong, courageous and a helpful person. He shows all of the qualities and traits that a true hero possesses. Beowulf, like other epic heroes, possesses the following heroic qualities: epic heroesRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Tragic Hero1432 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf as Tragic Hero By definition, a tragic hero is a protagonist that due to some tragic flaw loses everything he has. Throughout history, literature has always been filled with main characters possessing some tragic flaw. In Macbeth, Macbeth’s tragic flaw is his enormous ambition to become king. In Hamlet, Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his need for revenge for the death of his father at the hands of his uncle. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh’s tragic flaw is his need to be remembered. InRead MoreEssay on Beowulf - Profile Of An Epic Hero586 Words   |  3 Pagesmemory, but are lost in time, and some write them down to be remembered forever as a part of history. Beowulf is one such story that has been mysteriously remembered for many centuries. I’ve very much enjoyed reading Beowulf. However, since this story has been around for so long many people have added, reduced, or omitted bits and pieces of the story. In other words, it has become an almost epic legend, never knowing if it was real or if it is rumor. And like any rumor being told to others, the storyRead MoreBeowulf: Epic Hero Essay example961 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf: Epic Hero An epic hero, an Anglo-Saxon hero, a modern-day hero; A hero is is often defined by certain qualities, looked upon traits. We have heroes amongst our lives everyday, from saving a life to simply helping someone out. In the epic poem, â€Å"Beowulf†, Beowulf was the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. The Anglo-Saxon code reflects much of the code of Chivalry, the code of the Samurai, to the modern-day code of just doing good. He embodied courage, honesty, loyalty, and much